Jferns!  of  tJje  Bellg 

of  tte  WBiSton^in  Eiber 


M36 


UJljp  i.B.  Mill  IGtbrarg 

Nortl!  (Harnlina  fitalp 
(flollrgr 


This  book  was  presented  by 


QK5Z5 


NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  UNIVERSITY  1 


SOI  948604  W 


106370  70 


This  book  may  be  kept  out  TWO  WEEKS 
ONLY,  and  is  subject  to  a  fine  of  FIVE 
CENTS  a  day  thereafter.  It  is  due  on  the 
day  indicated  below: 


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^ 


FERNS  OF  THE  DELLS 

OF  THE  WISCONSIN  RIVER 


By  RUTH   MARSHALL 

Illustrated  with  photographs  by 

EVALINE  M.  BENNETT  and  BLANCHARD  HARPER 


lAWMHCE 


('..I'Vltlciri'  I'.ild,  itv  Ki-iK   M.\i;sii.\l 


106370 


A/T  OST  of  tne  cuts  fur  tnis  booklet  are  from 
-^  ■*-  photographs  of  ferns  made  by  Mrs. 
Bennett,  and  used  bere  for  tbe  first  time.  Tbe 
illustrations  for  tbe  long  beecb  purple,  cliff  brake, 
maidenbair,  oak,  marginal  sbield,  crested  sbield, 
spmulose  wood,  silvery  spleenwort  and  sensitive 
ferns  are  from  Miss  Harper  s  negatives,  and  are 
part  of  a  collection  made  by  ber  to  illustrate  a 
booklet  issued  by  tbe  Cbicago,  Milwaukee  and 
St.   Paul  railroad. 


HERE  is,  perkaps,  no  group  of  plants  wKick  can  give  such  large 
returns  in  pleasure  ana  profit  to  the  amateur  naturalist  as  do 
the  ferns.  Xlieir  grace  ana  delicacy,  tne  attractiveness  of  tneir 
naunts,  tne  satisfactory  way  m  vi^nicn  they  can  be  preserved, 
tkeir  willingness  to  be  domesticated, — all  tbese  characters  make 
them  favorites  witn  nature  lovers. 

TKe  Dells  of  tbe  Wisconsin  River  are  favored  baunts  of  tbe  ferns. 
In  all,  twenty-seven  species  are  known,  a  large  majority  of  all  of  tbe  ferns 
native  to  tbe  state,  and  a  good  representation  of  tbe  ferns  of  tbe  nortbern  and 
eastern  states.  In  tbe  nine  miles  of  its  wanderings  between  sandstone  clifrs, 
tbe  banks  of  tbe  Old  Wiscons  sbow  great  diversity  of  conditions,  from  tbe 
standpoint  of  a  fern:  deep  sbady  ravines  witb  dripping  rocks  for  tbe  bladder 
ferns;  ricb  moist  woods  running  up  from  tbe  dells  for  tbe  sbield  ferns;  dry 
sunny  uplands  to  cultivated  fields  and  woods  -wbere  tbe  bracken  grows;  ex- 
posed ravines  witb  dry  shelving  rocks  wbere  tbe  purple  cliff  brake  gets  a 
footbold;  and  wet  sunny  spots  wbere  tbe  marsb  fern  thrives.  Delicate  ferns 
and  hardy,  ferns  like  tbe  slender  cliff  brake  so  small  that  they  escape  at- 
tention unless  you  are  ready  to  see  them;  big  sturdy  ferns  reaching  almost 
to  your  shoulder,  like  a  jungle  of  tbe  interrupted  fern;  rare  ferns  whose 
haunts  are  know^n  and  jealously  guarded  by  tbe  few  who  care  for  them;  and 
even  a  fe-w  stragglers,  like  tbe  walking  leaf,  more  at  home  on  limestone  form- 
ations.      A.  paradise  of  ferns! 

Much  of  the    beauty   of   the    small    ravines    is   due    to    the    ferns.      But 


tKey  Kave  suffered  m  the  last  years  from  tke  crowds  of  excursionists  wKo 
nave  tramped  tnem  down,  or  pulled  tnem  up  only  to  throw  tKem  away  on 
the  nome  trip.  Tw^enty-five  years  ago  tke  fragrant  fern  was  so  common 
tKat  it  w^as  dug  up  and  sent  away  ty  tke  basketsful.  Specimens  in  old  herbar- 
iums, like  that  of  I.  A.  Lapkam,  Wisconsin's  early  naturalist,  wko,  kack  in 
tke  50  s  made  a  collection  of  tke  ferns  of  tke  Dells,  skow  leaves  six  or 
cigkt  inckes  long.  Now^  one  may  searck  all  day  and  consider  kimself  in  luck 
if  ke  finds  a  single  tiny  plant.  Tke  raising  of  tke  water  ky  tke  dam 
skortens  up  tke  ravines  and  restricts  tkeir  kaunts.  It  is  koped  tkat  tke 
tkougktfulness  and  moderation  of  coming  generations  of  visitors  will  save 
tkem  from  furtker  destruction.  Tkis  skort  account  is  intended  to  kelp  tke 
beginner  to  a  rurtker  enjoyment  and  appreciation  of  tke  ferns,  not  tke  least 
or  tke  attractions  of  tke  Dells  of  tke  Wisconsin. 

Enougk  of  structure  and  terminology  skould  be  mastered  to  get  at  least 
a  speaking  acquaintance  witk  tke  ferns,  and  tkat  is  all  tkat  is  attempted  kere. 
Tke  more  complex  study  of  development  and  reproduction  is  omitted. 

Tke  leaf,  or  frond,  is  tke  distinctive  part  of  tke  fern.  It  is  not  essen- 
tially different  from  tke  leaf  of  a  flowering  plant.  Very  often  it  is  muck 
divided  or  cut  (compound),  and  to  tkis  ckaracter  it  owes  muck  of  its  grace 
and  delicacy.  Tkere  is  usually  a  large  scaly  underground  stem,  or  rootstock, 
from  wkick  tke  leaves  and  roots  grow.  Tke  primary  divisions  of  tke  blade 
are  called  pinnae,  and  subdivisions  of  tke  pinnae  are  called  pinnules.  Fern 
leaves  are  ckaracterized  by  tke  presence  kere  of  tke  plant  s  scores,  or  repro- 


Puge  Si^ 


ductive  cells.  Xnesc  spores,  too  tiny  to  be  readily  seen  witn  tne  naked  eye, 
are  enclosed  in  little  spore-cases,  or  sj^orangm,  which  grow  in  clusters  or 
lines  called  fruit  dots,  or  sor}\  on  the  hacks  oi  the  leaves.  The  son  turn 
hrown  when  ripe,  and  then  they  become  a  conspicuous  character.  They 
may  be  naked,  as  in  the  common  polypody,  or  covered  by  the  rerlexed  edge 
of  the  leaf,  as  in  the  miidenhair,  or  they  may  have  a  special  covering,  the 
I'ndusium,  as  in  the  shield  ferns.  The  position  and  character  of  the  son 
determine  largely  the  relationships  or  the  ferns,  and  hence  their  classification. 

In  the  simpler  ferns,  all  of  the  leaves  bear  spores;  but  in  many  species 
there  is  a  division  of  labor,  only  a  part  of  the  fronds  producing  them.  The 
latter  are  then  distinguished  as  the  fertile,  the  other  as  the  sterile  leaves. 
Fertile  leaves  may  differ  only  slightly  from  the  sterile,  or  they  may  be- 
come so  modified  and  specialized,  as  in  the  sensitive  fern,  that  they  have  a 
very  different  appearance  from  the  sterile.  In  some  cases  a  few  pinnae  only 
are  thus  modified,  as  in  the  flowering  fern. 

In  the  nomenclature  and  the  sequence  of  the  species  Gray  s  Manual 
(revised,  1908),  has  been  used  throughout. 


Pu^e   Sevei 


Page  Eight 


COMMON  POLYPODY 

Voiyjfoaium    vulgare  L. 

LEAVES  otlong,  Jeeply  cut  into  otlong'  blunt  segments, 
tKe  blade  and  its  divisions  of  nearly  tKe  same  width 
tbrougkout.  Pinnae  alternate,  tbe  sinuses  between  tbem 
broad,  reaching  nearly  or  quite  to  tne  midrib.  Son  -witnout 
indusia,  a  row  on  each  side  or  tne  midvein  or  the  upper 
pinnae,  very  large  and  conspicuous,  appearing  m  early  sum- 
mer, finally  turning  dark  brown.  Blade  tougli,  smootn  and 
evergreen,  from  a  few^  incnes  to  a  foot  m  lengtn;  stems  lignt 
brown,  long,  several  arising  close  together  from  a  long,  slender 
creeping  rootstock  near  the  surface. 

TKis  sturdy  fern  is  very  common,  growing  everywhere 
on  the  more  exposed  ledges,  often  hign  up,  and  in  large  masses. 


Pate  Nine 

D.  H.  HILL  LIBRARY 
North  Carolina  State  College 


Page  Ten 


LONG  BEECH  FERN 

Ptiego^teris  ■^oly^oaioiaes    Fee 

LEAF  blaae  triangular,  some-wnat  longer  than  oroaa,  com- 
pound, tke  segments  deeply  divided.  Pinnae  oblong, 
pointed,  cut  almost  to  tne  midriD,  tne  t^wo  lo-wer  narro-wed 
at  tne  base,  and  turned  forward  and  do"wn  in  a  very  cnarac- 
teristic  manner;  upper  pinnae  becoming  smaller  and  less  di- 
vided, forming  a  long  sum  lobe  at  the  top.  Divisions  of  the 
pinnae  oblong,  blunt,  tKe  lower  ones  joining  tbe  midrib  of  tKe 
blade.  Son  small,  round,  witbout  indusia,  close  to  tbe 
lower  edge  of  tbe  divisions  of  tbe  pinnae,  maturing  in  late 
summer.  Blade  sometimes  eigbt  incbes  long,  thin,  soft, 
downy,  especially  underneatb,  yellowisb,  witbering  in  early 
autumn,  usually  bent  at  an  angle  w^itb  tbe  stem.  Stems  vari- 
able in  lengtb,  often  reacbing  several  incbes,  scaly  at  tbe  base, 
arising  from  long  slender  brancbed  rootstocks. 

1  bis  fern  and  its  near  relative,  tbe  oak  fern,  are  very 
characteristic  of  tbe  ledges  of  many  of  tbe  ravines,  tbeir  root- 
stocks  intertwining  and  filling  tKe  crevices,  w^bile  tbe  blades 
m  crowded  clusters  form  a  border  over  tne  overbanging  rocks. 


Pa^e  Eleven 


Puge  Twelve 


OAK  FERN 

Ptiegopteris  dryopteris  (L.)  Fee 

T  EAF  ternate,  of  three  triangular  divisions,  tne  central 
-L-/  largest,  eacn  pinna  again  aivided.  Pinnules  oblong, 
ratner  blunt,  diminishing  in  size  toward  tne  top,  tne  lower 
separate,  cut  nearly  or  quite  to  the  midriD  into  oolong  blunt 
divisions,  tne  upper  merely  scalloped  and  united;  pinnules  of 
tne  lateral  pinnae  longest  on  the  lower  side.  Son  small,  round, 
witnout  indusia,  close  to  tne  edges  of  tne  ultimate  divisions. 
Blade  tnin,  smooth,  light  green,  sometimes  six  inches  long,  its 
divisions  spreading  more  or  less  at  right  angles  to  the  stem, 
Avhich  is  very  long,  slender  and  scaly  at  the  base,  and  arises 
from  a  creeping  rootstock. 

This  IS  one  of  ths  most  delicate  and  beautiful  of  the 
ferns,  and  a  very  common  one.  It  grows  thickly  in  the 
crevices  of  moist  ledges,  associated  with  the  long  beech   fern. 


Page   Thirteen 


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Page  Fourteen 


MAIDENHAIR 

Aaiantum  peaatum  L. 

STEM  dark  ckestnut,  polisKed,  often  a  foot  or  more  in 
length,  forking  at  tne  summit,  tne  brancnes  curving 
around  almost  at  right  angles  to  tke  direction  of  tke  stem, 
bearing  on  one  side  oolong  compound  pinnae  wnich  decreases 
in  lengtK  from  the  center,  the  entire  leaf  being  thus  somewhat 
orbicular,  a  foot  or  more  across.  Largest  pinnae  six  to  ten 
inches  long,  of  nearly  uniform  -width,  bearing  from  forty  to 
fifty  pinnules  alternately  on  slender  stems.  Pinnules  tri- 
angular-oblong, the  upper  margin  cut  and  scalloped,  the  edges 
reflexed  to  form  the  indusia  of  the  oblong  or  crescent-shaped 
son.  Blades  smooth,  deep  green.  Rootstock  large,  dark 
chaffy,  much  branched. 

This  13,  perhaps,  our  most  beautiful  fern,  and  the  fern 
heft  known.  Its  haunts  are  the  deep  rich  woods  which  slope 
up  from  the  moist  ravines;  here  it  is  very  common,  growing 
m  graceful  open  clusters. 


Page  Fif/evn 


Pi^ige  Sixteen 


COMMON  BRAKE,  BRACKEN 

Vteris  aquilina  L*. 

T  EAF  ternate,  each  pinna  aouDly  compound  and  bent  a-way 
-*— '  from  tne  main  stem;  tne  central  largest,  triangular, 
sta.kfcl,  tne  lateral  ones  narrower.  Pinnules  oolong-lanceo- 
late, Giviaea  into  oDlong  olunt  segments  wnicn  are  again  di- 
vided in  tns  lower  pinnules  of  tne  middle  pinna,  all  divisions 
becoming  less  toward  tne  apex.  Son  forming  a  continuous 
line  along  tbe  edges,  covered  by  tbe  reflexed  margins.  Stems 
straw-colored  from  a  deep,  stout  rootstock.  Leaves  solitary, 
from  one  to  two  feet  across,  dull  green,  tbick. 

A    large     and     ratner     coarse     fern,    tbe    brake     groves 
abundantly  on  tbe  exposed  uplands  away  from  tbe  ravines. 


Page  Sevetiieeii 


Page  EightL'vn 


PURPLE  CLIFF  BRAKE 

i^ellaea    atro^urpurea    (L.)    Link 

T  EAVES  narrow,  nearly  twice  compound;  pinnae  widely 
-^— '  separated,  variable  in  number,  oval  or  elliptical,  one  or 
more  or  the  lower  pairs  snort-stalked  and  usually  divided 
into  from  two  to  rive  pinnae.  Son  orignt  brown,  margfinal, 
covered  by  the  entire  rerlexed  edge  or  tne  blades.  Sterile 
rronds  rare,  small,  witn  broader  pinnae.  Stems  wiry,  smooth, 
purplish,  irom  a  short  rootstock  covered  with  bright  hair-like 
scales.  Blades  bluish,  leathery,  evergreen,  rinally  dropping 
away  to  leave  the  bare  stems  among  the  clumps  or  young 
leaves.       Entire  lengtK  not  often  exceeds  eight  mcbes. 

One  occasionaly  finds  clumps  of  the  purple  cliff  brake 
m  the  Lower  Dells,  bigh  up  in  the  crevices  of  the  dry  ex- 
posed rocks.      It  is  a  fern  more  at   Kome    on   limestone    cliffs. 


Page  Nineteen 


Pttge  Twenty 


SLENDER  CLIFF  BRAKE 

Cry^togramma  stelleri  (Gmel.)  Prantl. 

LEAVES  totK  fertile  and  sterile,  the  two  kinds  unlike, 
but  ^vltK  transitional  forms,  variable.  Blades  yellow- 
isn,  small  and  delicate,  tnm,  veiny,  compound,  from  long', 
f  lender  straw-colored  or  brown  stalks  wnicn  grow  in  clusters 
from  a  tkin  rootstock.  Blades  of  sterile  fronds  about  tw^o 
inches  long,  broadly  ovate;  pinnae  about  seven,  oblong  to  tri- 
angular, broad,  tKe  upper  confluent  witk  tke  stem,  tke  lower 
more  or  less  completely  divided.  Pinnules  three  to  five, 
witn  triangular  bases  and  variously  cut  and  scalloped  tops. 
Fertile  fronds  larger,  the  pinnae  more  numerous,  all  but  the 
uppermost  more  or  less  completely  divided  into  oblong  pinnae. 
Son  marginal,  nearly  the  entire  edge  of  the  blades  reflexed 
to  form  the  conspicuous  indusia. 

Like  its  relative,  the  purple  cliff  brake,  this  fern  is 
more  often  found  in  limestone  regions,  but  its  habits  are  en- 
tirely different.  It  is  rare  in  the  Wisconsin  Dells,  and  one 
of  the  most  delicate,  as  it  is  one  of  the  smallest  species.  It 
grows  in  the  crevices  of  wet  rocks  which  are  well  shaded  by 
overhanging  ledges. 


/\ii,'t'   Twenl\-»ne 


Page  Twenly-two 


MAIDENHAIR  SPLEENWORT 

Asjtienium  tricnomanes  (i-*.} 

T  EAVES  linear,  very  slender,  once  divided.  Pinnae 
-■— '  Tirteen  to  twenty  pairs,  -widely  separated,  one-Kalr  an 
men  or  legs  in  length,  the  sides  unequal,  round  or  oblong 
with  scalloped  edoes.  Son  very  conspicuous,  oblong",  three 
to  six  arranged  ooliquely  along  the  sides  of  the  midrih,  cov- 
ered v^ith  delicate  indusia.  Blades  dark,  evergreen,  on  dark 
purplish  wiry  polished  steins,  which  arise  in  clusters  from  a 
short  scaly  rootstock,  and  persisting  after  the  blades  fall  away. 
Largest  leaves  about  seven  inches  m  length. 

The  spleenworts  are  represented  in  the  Dells  by  three 
species,  of  which  this  is  the  smallest.  The  maidenhair 
spleenwort  is  rather  common  but  easily  escapes  notice.  It 
finds  a  foothold  in  small  crevices  of  rather  dry  shaded  rocks, 
where  it  spreads  out  its  clusters  of  dainty  slender  leaves  in- 
termingled with  the  dead  stems  of  previous  years. 


>5^^'^' ;  '',  -M  ^1^ 

^M^^^/ 

^-:m^'-: 

^^,  -^A-   ' 

Page  Tweiity-fo 


SILVERY  SPLEENWORT 

Asplenium  acrostrictioiaes  Sw. 

T  ARGE  oblong'  leaves,  tapering  at  both  ends,  compound. 
-■— '  Pinnae  numerous,  widely  separated,  linear,  tapering"  to 
a  slender  apex,  cut  almost  to  tne  midriD  into  many  oblong' 
blunt  segments,  sligfntly  tootned.  Son  oblong,  largfe,  three  to 
SIX  pairs  closely  and  regularly  packed  on  eitner  side  or  tbe 
midrib,  ocupying  most  or  tne  under  side  or  the  blades,  cov- 
ered wKen  young  with  silvery  indusia.  Many  leaves  sterile. 
Blades  dark,  ratner  delicate,  slig'htly  bairy,  becoming  coarser, 
erect  and  more  heavily  fruited  in  sunny  places.  Stems 
sligbtly  cnarry,  straws-colored,  from  thick,  creeping' rootstocks, 
tne  entire  fronds  one  to  two  feet  long',  forming  nearly  circu- 
lar clumps. 

Groups  of  tbis  fern  are  rather  common  in  the  ricb, 
moist  woods  forming  tbe  slopes  of  tbe  larg'e  ravines;  it  is 
often  associated  -witb  tbe  lady  fern  and  tbe  wood  ferns,  wbicb 
it  somewhat  resembles.  ibe  mdusia  remaining  silvery- 
w^hite  till  mid-summer  give  tbe  characteristic  appearance  to 
tbe  back  of  tbe  fern  w^bicb  bas  suggested  tbe  common  name; 
later  tbe  leaves  become  brow^n  and  scraggy. 


D.  H.  HILL  LIBRARY 


North  Carolina  State  College 


Pagf  Twenly-si.x 


LADY  FERN 

Asfilenium    filix-femina    (L.)    Bernn. 

T  EAVES  large,  broadly  lanceolate,  twice  pinnate.  Pin- 
-*— '  nae  numerous,  oblong,  -witb  very  tapering  points.  Pin- 
nules oblong,  very  numerous,  tbe  bases  confluent  with  tbe 
stem  by  very  narrow  margins,  tbe  small  upper  ones  more  or 
less  united,  tbe  edges  variously  tootbed.  San  sbort  witb 
straigbt  or  curved  indusia,  in  two  roAvs  on  eacb  pinnule,  be- 
coming very  conspicuous  in  late  summer.  Fertile  and  sterile, 
leaves  alike.  Stems  usually  straw-colored,  growing  in  turts 
from  a  creeping  rootstock.  Entire  rrond  two  or  more  feet 
in  lengtb. 

Xbis  is  tbe  most  delicate  of  tbe  large  ferns;  it  grows  in 
graceful  clumps  in  sbaded  moist  w^oods  in  tbe  ravines  or  up- 
lands, and  is  very  common.  Mucb  of  its  beauty  is  lost  by 
midsummer,  w  ben  tbe  leaves  become  beavily  fruited  and  torn. 


/'..-.■   7'ue/<0- 


Pufie  Twenty-eiii/it 


WALKING  LEAF 

Camptosorus  rnizo^nyllus   (L.)    Link 

LEAF  entire,  wavy  edged,  witK  a  cordate  or  sometimes 
auricled  base,  tapering  to  a  very  longf  and  attenuated 
apex  wKicK  often  bends  over  and  roots,  forming  a  new  plant. 
Sori  elongated,  irregularly  scattered,  confluent,  forming  very 
Keavy,  oblique  lines  or  masses  after  tbe  witbering  of  tne  m- 
dusia.  Stems  ligbt-colored,  groAving  in  tufts  from  a  sKort  root- 
stock.  Leaves  usually  not  more  tban  six  incKes  long,  leatK- 
ery  and  evergreen,  forming  a  mat. 

A  fern  so  un-fernlike  as  tKis  might  easily  escape  at- 
tention; but  it  is  also  tKe  rarest  of  tbe  Dells  ferns.  Its 
baunts  are  tKe  tops  of  dry  snaded  rocks,  preferably  lime- 
stone. It  is  an  odd  little  plant,  and  its  common  name,  w^hicb 
refers  to  its  unusual  manner  of  propagation,  adds  to  its  inter- 
est. 


PtiiH'  Tweiiiy-nint 


Page  Thirty 


MARSH  FERN 

Aspidium    tne/y^tert's  (L-)    bv/. 

LEAVES  lanceolate,  scarcely  narrower  at  tke  base  than 
at  tke  middle,  pinnate,  sligKtly  Kairy  beneath,  tbe  fertile 
fronds  taller  and  narrower  than  the  sterile.  Pinnae  numer- 
ous, oblong,  pointed,  set  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  stem, 
often  curled,  divided  nearly  or  quite  to  the  midrib  into  nu- 
merous, short  oblong  segments  which  appear  quite  pointed  in 
fertile  leaves  by  the  recurving  of  the  edges.  Son  numerous, 
in  a  double  row  on  each  segment,  small,  with  minute  kidney- 
shaped  indusia,  which  soon  wither,  the  sporangia  then  be- 
coming confluent  and  nearly  covering  the  under  fide  of  the 
pinnae.  Stems  straw-colored,  very  long,  especially  in  the 
fertile  leaves,  grow^ing  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock. 
Leaves  sometimes  two  feet  long,  produced  all  summer,  the 
fertile  ones  not  appearing  until  mid-summer. 

The  Aspidiums,  or  shield  ferns,  the  latter  name  an  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  of  the  indusium,  constitute  a  large  genus, 
which  is  represented  by  five  species  in  the  Dells.  1  he  marsn 
fern,  unlike  the  others,  is  found  in  Avet  ground,  growing  and 
fruiting  most  abundantly  in  the  sun.  In  the  shace  the  leaves 
are  larger  and  of  a  finer  texture.  It  may  be  found  in  the 
marshes  along  the  streams  running  out  of  some  of  the  ravines. 


Page  Thirl y-tw<i 


FRAGRANT  SHIELD  FERN 

As^iaium   fragrance   (L.)    Sw. 

A  bMALL  plant  witn  narro^v  lanceolate  compound 
-^  -*-  leaves,  glandular  and  aromatic,  most  of  tKem  fertile. 
Pinnae  numerous,  oblong,  divided  almost  to  the  midrit  into 
several  broad  obtuse  divisions  whicK  are  usually  tootlied. 
Don  Tew  but  large,  tbe  conspicuous  indusia  orbicular  and  per- 
sistent, sometimes  covering  most  of  the  under  side  of  tbe 
pinnae.  Stems  covered  more  or  less  tbickly  -witb  brown 
scales,  from  a  stout,  scaly,  rootstock.  Leaves  a  fev^^  incbes 
long,  arising  in  a  crown,  evergreen,  firm  of  texture,  tbe  old 
leaves  brown  and  persistent. 

1  bis  mucb  sougbt-after  fern,  once  famous  in  tbe  Dells, 
has  been  almost  exterminated,  in  spite  of  its  love  for  almost 
inaccessible  places.  It  grows  in  crevices  of  ratber  dry  sbaded 
perpendicular  cliffs. 


PitiH-  Thirl y-thi 


y'„.>*e  Thirly-fo 


MARGINAL  SHIELD  FERN.     EVERGREEN 
WOOD  FERN. 

Asj^iaium    margmaie   (L.)    bw. 

LARGE  otlong  or  broadly  lanceolate  compound  leaves. 
Pinnae  snort-stalked,  numerous,  lanceolate,  somcAvnat 
scythe-shaped,  \vith  tapering  points,  the  lo\ver  ones  cut  al- 
most to  the  midriD  into  ohlong'  hlunt  divisions,  those  on  the 
lower  pinnae  somewhat  scalloped;  upper  pinnae  smaller  and 
less  divided.  Son  large,  round,  separated,  with  persistent 
convex  indusia,  placed  near  the  margins  or  the  divisions,  orten 
produced  on  the  upper  and  middle  pinnae  only,  or  sometimes 
entirely  lacking.  Stems  rather  short,  covered  with  scales, 
especially  at  the  hase  where  they  arise  from  a  stout,  scaly 
rootstock.  Leaves,  dark  hlue-green,  rather  leathery,  ever- 
green, arising  in  clumps,  several  inches  to  two  reet  or  more 
in  length. 

This  hardy  and  heautiful  species  is  very  common  in  the 
rocky,  wooded  sides  of  moist  ravines,  where  its  graceful 
crown  of  leaves  may  he  sheltered  hy  the  base  of  a  tree.  its 
common    name  (marginal)   refers  to  the    position   of   the  sor\. 


Piii;c  Thirly-fix 


i^ 

^%- 

'^^S" 

'f^ 

^^L. 

1 

flHK 

ilje  J  nirly-si.x 


CRESTED  SHIELD   FERN. 

As;^iaium   cristatum  (L.)  Sw. 

T  EAVES  linear-otlong  or  lanceolate,  compound,  witK 
-*— '  conspicuous  veming.  Pinnae  numerous,  separated,  tri- 
angular-oblong, the  lower  ones  broadest,  and  sliort-stalked, 
deeply  cut  into  several  oroad  olunt  segments  whicli  are  finely 
toothed,  the  upper  pinnae  confluent  and  less  divided,  all  of 
tne  pinnae  snowing  a  tendency  to  turn  tneir  faces  toward 
the  apex  of  the  leaf.  Son  in  two  rows  on  the  divisions  of 
the  pinnae,  separated,  ■with  rounded  or  kidney-shaped  thin 
indusia.  Stems  more  or  less  covered  Avith  light  hrown  scales, 
from  a  stout  densely  chaffy  rootstock.  Leaves  dark  green, 
the  sterile  ones  shorter  and  evergreen,  the  fertile  sometimes 
two  feet  long. 

One  seldom  sees  this  Aspidium  in  the    Dells.      It   gro-ws 
in  damp    places,  preferably    in    shaded    bogs. 


/'..■:e  rhirlY-ciiilil 


SPINULOSE  WOOD  (SHIELD)  FERN. 

As^idium  spinulosum  var.  intermedium  (MuKl.)  D.  C.  Eaton 

LARGE  twice-compounJ  leaves,  broadly  oblong-ovate, 
variable.  Pinnae  numerous,  separated,  spreading,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tbe  pinnae  of  one  or  two  of  tbe  lowest  pairs  long- 
est on  tbe  lower  side.  Pinnules  cro-wded,  ovate  to  oblong, 
connected  by  a  narrov^  wmg  in  tbe  lo^ver  pinnae,  confluent 
in  tbe  upper,  all  of  tbem  again  cut  into  oblong  lobes  w^bicb 
are  tootbed  at  tbe  apex.  Son  small,  ratber  irregularly 
placed  on  or  at  tbe  base  of  tbe  ultimate  divisions,  covered 
witb  delicate  kidney-sbaped  indusia  wbicb  are  glandular. 
Stems  witb  a  few  dark  centered  scales,  arising  in  early 
spring  in  a  cluster  from  a  stout  scaly  rootstock.  Leaves  from 
several  incbes  to  t\vo  feet  or  more  in  lengtb. 

Tbis  is  tbe  most  beautiful  of  tbe  woods  ferns.  Tbe 
deeply  cut  spreading  leaves  bave  tbe  appearance  of  plumes. 
Tbeir  graceful  clumps  are  found  abundantly  in  tbe  ricb 
woods  on  tbe  sides  of  tbe  ravines,  witb  tbe  evergreen  wood 
fern.  Tbe  common  name,  spinulose,  refers  to  tbe  little  teetb 
on  tbe  smallest  divisions  of  tbe  leaf. 


Pu^e   Thirly-nint 


Page  Forty 


BULBLET  BLADDER  FERN 

Cysto;^teris  oulhifera  (L.)  joernn. 

VERY  long,  slenaer,  twice-compound  vine-like  leaves, 
frequently  bearing  one  or  more  fleshly  bulblets  on  the 
under  side  at  tne  bases  or  tne  upper  leaflets.  Pinnae  nu- 
merous, oblong-lanceolate,  tKe  basal  ones  longest;  pinnules 
crowded,  distinct  only  m  tne  lowest  pinnae,  oblong  and 
blunt,  variously  divided  and  toothed.  Son  few,  inconspic- 
uous, rounded,  placed  near  tne  base  of  some  of  the  ultimate 
divisions.  Indusium  snort,  nood-like,  early  withering.  Ster- 
ile fronds  shorter  and  broader,  not  common.  Stems  short, 
slender,  light-colored,  rather  brittle,  arising  from  a  short 
rootstock.       Leaves  drooping,  sometimes  two  feet  long. 

There  are  two  bladder  ferns  in  the  Dells.  The  name 
bladder  has  reference  to  the  delicate  hood-shaped  indusium. 
The  bulblets  of  this  fern,  which  are  really  buds,  afford  a 
quicker  means  of  propagation.  It  is  typically  a  plant  of  lime- 
stone regions,  found  only  m  a  few  of  the  ravines,  where  it 
trails  its  del.cate  foliage  over  the  dripping  rocks. 


Page  Foriy-imc 


/'..-'C    f-nrlv-l\V, 


FRAGILE  BLADDER  FERN 

Ct/sto^teris  fragilis  (L.)  Bernn. 

'nr^WICE  compound,  otlon^-lanceolate  leaves  witK  taper- 
-^  ing  apex,  variaole.  Pinnae  numerous,  the  lo-wer  ones 
distant  and  broad  with  snort  stalks,  tne  upper  ovate  to  oolong. 
Pinnae  distinct  only  in  tne  lower  pinnae,  joined  by  a  narrow 
w^ing  along  tne  stem,  broad  and  blunt,  variously  toothed. 
Son  small,  abundant,  tne  very  tnm  indusium  soon  witnering. 
Stems  slender  and  brittle,  long,  arising  from  a  slender  creep- 
ing rootstocK.  Leaves  tnin,  drooping,  from  a  few  inches  to 
more  than  a  foot  in  lengtn,  nearly  all  fertile,  the  first  pro- 
duced very  early  in  spring,  continuing  to  appear  and  fruit  all 
summer  if  tnere  is  abundant  moisture. 

Xnis  is  a  common  fern  and  one  of  the  most  delicate.  It 
grow^s  where  there  is  shade  and  moisture,  preferably  clinging 
to  tbe  rocks.  In  general  form  tbe  leaf  resembles  tbat  of  tbe 
blunt-lobea  woodsia  -wnicn  sometimes    gro-ws  witn  it. 


Puge  Forty-three 


■ 

8^B^^SHK''  '^^^^'*^'-'  '^K^^^S 

w 

^^^^^^^1 

mi 

/'((I'e  Forly-fuHi 


RUSTY  WOODSIA 

Vvooasia  ilvensis  (L.)    R.    j3r. 

SMALL,  Kairy,  linear-lanceolate  compound  leaves. 
Pinnae  very  numerous,  crowded  toward  tne  top,  ob- 
vate  to  oblong,  blunt,  deeply  cut  into  several  oblong,  obtuse 
segments  wnicn  are  sligntly  scalloped.  Son  small  and  nu- 
merous, near  tke  margins  of  tne  divisions,  somewhat  confluent; 
tlie  very  thin  indusium  attacked  by  its  base  under  the  sorus, 
dividing  into  slender  nairs  which  curl  over  tne  sporangia. 
Stems  sbort,  Kairy,  stout,  reddish,  witb  an  obscure  ]oint 
about  an  inch  from  tne  base,  where  tne  leaves  break  off. 
Rootstock  stout.  Leaves  in  tufts,  a  few  mcnes  long,  tnick, 
dark  green,  leathery;  tne  upper  side  generally  smooth,  the 
lower  thickly  clotbed  with  coarse  shining  hairs  which  turn 
rusty  red  at   maturity. 

There  are  two  woodsias  in  the  Dells.  This  species  is 
very  common,  growing  on  dry  rocks,  often  very  much  ex- 
posed. The  common  name  very  appropriately  describes  the 
mature  leaves. 


Page  Forty-fix 


^ 

r 

^     lu 

Page  Forty-Aix 


BLUNT-LOBED  WOODSIA. 

VC^ooJsia  ohtusa    (Spreng.)    Torr. 

T  E  A  V  ES  broaa  lanceolate,  almost  twice  pinnate.  Pinnae 
-I— '  aoout  t'sventy  pairs,  obtuse,  tne  lower  one  separated,  the 
oases  nearly  aivided  into  oolongf  pinnules,  tne  upper  parts 
more  or  less  cut  into  segments,  all  aivisions  obtuse  and  mi- 
nutely scalloped.  Son  small,  round,  near  tbe  margins  of 
llie  segments;  tbe  indusium  distinct,  fastened  under  tbe  sorus, 
splitting  at  leng'tb  into  broad  pieces  wbicb  spread  out,  star- 
like. Stems  ligbt  g'reen,  witb  a  few  brownisb  scales,  not 
jomted,  arising  from  as  bort  rootstock.  Leaves  several 
incbes  long,  minutely  bairy  underneatb. 

Xbis  woodsia  is  not  common;  it  is  sometimes  confused 
Avitb  tbe  fragile  bladder  fern  wKicb  it  somev^bat  resembles 
in  general  outline.  It  is  found  on  sbaded  ledges,  more  often 
in  tbe  Lower  Dells. 


Pa^e  Forly-seven 


1 


/'iige  Fiti  ly-ei^hl 


SENSITIVE  FERN 

Onoclea  sensihilis  L. 
T3ATriER  coarse,  largfe  ferns  -witli  anastomosing  veins, 
•'-^  sterile  and  fertile  fronds,  very  unlike.  Sterile  leaves, 
broadly  triangular,  divided  into  several  long  narro-w  divisions 
which  form  distinct  pinnae  in  tke  last  pair,  contracted  at  tKe 
base;  upper  divisions  connected  by  a  wing,  finally  confluent 
at  the  apex;  margins  of  tlie  upper  divisions  entire  or  wavy, 
the  lower  becoming  more  deeply  scalloped.  Stems  of  sterile 
leaves  very  long,  yellow,  arising  singly  and  all  summer  from 
a  slender  sKalloAv  creeping  rootstock  whicK  is  mucK  branched; 
the  entire  leaf  from  a  few  inches  to  t-wo  feet  or  more  m 
length.  Fertile  leaves  shorter  and  erect,  produced  in  groups 
in  enrly  summer,  persistent  through  winter;  the  blades  twice 
compound,  the  pinnules  contracted  and  rolling  up  to  form 
dark  green  berry-like  structures  which  turn  dark  brown, 
opening  the  follo\ving  spring  to  discbarge  the  spores.  Sori 
rounded;  mdusia  very  delicate,  hood-like,  early  withering. 
Forms  intermediate  betAveen  fertile  and  sterile  leaves  occa- 
sionally  round. 

1  his  common  fern,  one  of  the  tw^o  species  of  Onoclea  in 
the  Dells,  grows  in  low,  moist  open  ground,  often  forming  a 
border  or  mass  along  the  streams.  The  common  name  seems 
inappropriate;  but  the  sterile  leaves  wither  quickly  when 
picked,  and  are  sensitive  to  early  frosts. 


Puge  Fifty 


OSTRICH  FERN 

Onoclea  strut nio^teris  (L.)   Horrm. 

VERY  large  ferns,  compound,  fertile  and  sterile  fronds 
very  unlike.  Sterile  leaves  two  to  several  feet  long,  OD- 
lanceolate,  witn  rounded  top;  pinnae  very  numerous,  slender 
and  pointed,  several  mcnes  long  near  the  center,  narrowing 
to  very  sKort  ones  at  tKe  base,  witK  edges  very  deeply  cut 
into  a  great  number  of  sbort,  close,  somewbat  scytbe-sbaped 
segments.  Stalks  very  sbort,  arising  in  a  cluster  m  spring 
from  a  very  stout  sbort  rootstock  wbicb  produces  runners; 
texture  of  the  blade  firm,  veins  free  and  simple.  Fertile 
leaves,  one  to  few,  shorter,  erect  and  stiff,  arising  in  July 
from  the  center  of  the  crown  of  sterile  leaves;  stems  stout, 
deeply  grooved  in  front,  and  blades  once  divided,  the  edges 
of  the  numerous  long  pinnae  closely  rolled  together  to  form 
pod-like  dark  green  segments,  turning  brown,  enclosing  the 
crowded  and  confluent  son  which  open  to  discharge  the  spores 
in  the  following  spring. 

The  ostrich  fern  is,  probably,  the  most  graceful  of  the 
big  ferns.  The  sterile  leaves  growing  in  a  crown  suggest  a 
cluster  of  ostrich  feathers,  and  the  fertile  leaves  are  like  stiff 
plumes.  The  former  may  be  confused  with  the  sterile  fronds 
of  the  cinnamon  or  the  interrupted  ferns.  This  fern  is  found 
m  several  places  in  the  E)ells,  m  low  rich  moist  ground. 


Page  Fifty- one 


/'iige  Fifly-iwu 


FLOWERING  FERN.     ROYAL  FERN. 

Osmunaa  regalis  L. 

^  I  ^ ALL  ferns  Avith  compound  leaves,  tKe  upper  parts  of 
-■-  some  being  fertile.  Pinnae  in  several  pairs,  opposite 
and  separated,  a  few  inches  long.  Pinnules  numerous,  alter- 
nate, distinct  and  separate,  often  w^itK  sKort  stalks,  oblong- 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  finely  tootKed,  especially  near  tbe  apex; 
oases  oblique,  truncated  or  even  cordate  or  eared,  tbe  upper- 
most often  lobed.  Spores  green,  m  large  naked,  globular, 
sbort-stalked  spore-cases  wkicK  open  by  a  longitudinal  slit. 
Upper  pinnae  of  fertile  fronds  very  mucn  contracted  and 
destitute  of  clorophyll,  bearing  the  spore-cases  on  tbe  margins 
of  tneir  stem-like  divisions  in  long  cylindrical  brown  clusters. 
Leaves  tv^o  or  more  feet  Kigb,  tbeir  blades  smooth,  Avitb 
forked  veins,  light  green,  finally  turning  brown;  stems  stout, 
light  brown,  arising  in  clumps  from  a  thick  rootstock  in  spring. 
There  are  three  Osmundas  in  the  Dells.  Fhe  flower- 
ing fern  shows  its  relationship  only  in  t\vz  fertile  parts;  it 
may  easily  be  mistaken  for  a  seed  plant  bearing  a  panicle  of 
small  flow^ers.  It  grovv^s  in  large  patches  in  shaded  Avet 
ground  along  the  borders   of  streams. 


Page  F  fty-thiee 


f\ig*!  Fiftyfanr 


INTERRUPTED  FERN.     CLAYTON'S  FERN. 

Osmunaa    claytoniana  L. 

VERY  large,  coarse  ferns,  tlie  tallest  leaves  fertile  in  tKe 
middle.  Fronds  oolong-lanceolate,  tKe  fertile  mucK 
taller  than  tKe  sterile.  Pinnae  otlong-lanceolate,  deeply  cut 
into  numerous  otlong  blunt  entire  segments,  without  wool  at 
the  tase.  Two  to  five  pairs  of  the  middle  pinnae  on  the 
fertile  fronds  spore-oearing,  very  much  contracted,  completely 
divided,  densely  cylindric,  dark  green  at  first,  finally  hrown 
and  withering.  Spore-cases  large,  glohular,  naked,  opening 
hy  a  longitudinal  slit.  Fertile  leaves  fometimes  five  feet  tall, 
erect,  curving  at  the  top,  surrounded  by  the  shorter  sterile 
leaves.  Blades  smooth,  with  forked  veins,  turning  yellow- 
in  fall.  Stems  yellow,  arising  in  a  cluster  from  a  stout  root- 
stock. 

This  IS  the  largest  fern  in  the  Dells  and  a  very  common 
one  in  the  open  ravines.  The  common  name,  interrupted 
fern,  refers  to  the  position  of  the  fruiting  pinnae  on  the 
middle  of  the  fertile  leaves.  This  character  readily  dis- 
tinguishes it  from  the  other  large  ferns  of  the  same  general 
form,  the  cinnamon  and  the  ostrich. 


Page  Fifty-five 


Page  Ftfty-six 


CINNAMON  FERN 

Osmunaa  cinnamomea  L. 

LARGE  rerns,  fertile  and  sterile  rronds  very  unlike. 
Sterile  leaves  tKree  or  more  feet  KigK,  witK  long  stems, 
broaaly  lanceolate;  stem  ana  blaae  nearly  smootn  when  ma- 
ture, except  for  a  small  tuft  of  avooI  at  tKe  base  of  eack  pinna. 
Pinnae  very  numerous,  a  few  mcnes  long,  separated,  nearly 
opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  pointed;  margins  deeply  cut  into 
numerous  broad  blunt  segments;  veins  forked.  Fertile  fronds 
fewer,  shorter  and  linear,  wooly,  appearing  in  spring,  green  at 
first  and  erect,  soon  turning  cinnamon  brown  and  withering; 
blades  twice  divided,  the  divisions  much  contracted,  bearing 
the  large  globular  naked  sporangia  which  open  by  a  longitudinal 
slit.  Spores  green,  shed  early.  Rootstock  very  large,  shaggy, 
creeping,  producing  tbe  leaves  in  spring,  the  fertile  ones  first, 
w^hich  soon  become  surrounded  by  the  circle  of  sterile  ones. 
The  cinnamon  fern  is  one  of  the  largest  species.  It  is 
rather  common,  growing  in  wet  shaded  ground.  1  he  sterile 
leaves  grow  in  graceful  clusters,  and  in  general  outline  resem- 
ble those  of  the  interrupted  and    the  ostrich  ferns. 


Huiiu  Fifty-sever 


Pu^e  F'fty-vight 


TERNATE  GRAPE  FERN 

BotrycniuTn  ternatum  (Xnuno.)  S"w. 

FLESri  1  plants,  fertile  ana  sterile  portions  distinct  and 
unlike,  tKe  bud  of  tke  next  year  imbedded  m  tke  base  of 
tne  stem  wnicb  arises  from  a  snort  erect  deep  rootstock  -witn 
flesKy  roots.  Leaves  usually  single,  from  a  few  incbes  to  a 
foot  or  more  in  neignt,  in  two  segments,  sterile  and  fertile, 
sligntly  hairy,  arising  from  near  the  base  of  tne  stem.  Xne 
sterile  portion  dark  green,  broadly  triangular,  ternate,  the 
divisions  stalked  and  much  divided,  the  final  divisions  round 
to  oblong,  variable  in  outlines  and  margins.  Fertile  segment 
long-stalked,  inclined,  twice  pinnate,  the  contracted  divisions 
bearing  each  a  double  ro-w  of  unstalked  naked  globular  spore- 
cases,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit,  the  whole  segment  form- 
ing a  large  heavy  close  cluster. 

The  genus  Botrychium  is  here  represented  by  t^vo 
species.  This  one,  which  is  quite  unlike  most  ferns  m  ap- 
pearance, IS  found  occasionally  on  low  wet  ground.  1  he 
spore-bearing  part,  which  is  not  produced  till  late  in  the 
season,  bears  some  resemblance  to  a  minature  cluster  of  grapes. 


Page  Fifty- 


Ptige  -S'.v/v 


RATTLESNAKE  FERN.     VIRGINIA  GRAPE 
FERN 

IjotrycniUTn  virgmianum    (L.)  bw. 

A  SINGLE  troadly  triangular,  mucK  divided  leaf,  witK 
-^  -*-  tne  fertile  portion  rising  from  tne  center,  the  entire  plant 
a  foot  or  more  KigK.  Sterile  portion  sessile  atove  the  mid- 
dle of  tke  plant,  of  tkree  broad  pinnae,  tKe  middle  largest; 
pinnae  snort-stalked  divided  into  triangluar-otlong  divisions 
wnick  are  again  deeply  cut  into  lobes,  tootked  tovt^ard  tKe 
apex.  Fertile  stalk  rising  some  mcnes  above  the  sterile,  once 
or  twice  divided,  eacb  division  bearing  a  double  row  of  large 
spherical  naked  sporangia,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit.  Ster- 
ile portion  thin,  light  green,  spreading,  appearing  mlate  spring; 
fertile  part  later,  soon  witbering.  Rootstock  very  small, 
■with  flesny  roots;  the  stem  and  its  divisions  flesny,  bearing 
tne  bud  of  next  year  in  a  hollow  at  the  base. 

This  fern,  like  its  relative  the  ternate  grape,  may  easily  be 
overlooked  as  a  fern.  It  is  rather  common  in  moist  w^oods. 
The  common  name,  rattlesnake  fern,  probably  originated  m 
in  the  fancied  resemblance  of  its  stems  of  sporangia  to  tne  rat- 
tles of  the  snake. 


Pu^e  Sixlv-iirit 

D,  H.  HfLL  LIBRARY 


North  Carolina  State  College 


LIST  Ol'  FERNS 


Page 

M. 
10. 
12. 
14. 
10. 
18. 
20. 
22. 
2i. 
20. 
28. 
80. 

;t2. 
u. 
m. 
:w. 

40. 
42. 
41. 
4) 

48. 
.-,(). 
o2. 
51. 
.•)(). 
.-)«. 
(iU. 


Polyijodinin  vulfj:are  L.. 
Pheg-opteris  ixilypodiodes  Fee, 
Phegopteris  {ltyi)pteris  (L.)  Fee, 
Adiantuin  jjedatnm  L., 
Pteris  aquilina  L., 
Pellaea  atropnrpurea  (L.)  Link, 
Cryptogramma  stelleri  (Gmel.)  PrantL 
Asplenium  trichoiuanes  L., 
Asplenium  acro.strit-hoide.s  Sw., 
Asplenium  filix-femina  (L.)  Bernh.. 
Camptosorus  rhizophylhis  (L.)  Link., 
Aspidium  thelypteris  (L.)  Snv., 
Aspidium  fragrans  (L.)  Sw.. 
Aspidium  marginale  (L. )  Sw 
Aspidium  cristatum  (L.)  Sw 


Aspidium  spinulosum  var. 


Connnon  polypody 

Long  beech  fern 

Oak  fern 

Maidenhair 

Common  bi-ake 

Purple  cliff  lirake 

Slender  cliff  brake 

Maidenhair  spleenwort 

Silvery  spleenwort 

Lady  fern 

Walking  leaf 

Marsh  feiui 

Fragrant  fern 

Marginal  shield  or  Evergreen  wood  fern 

Crested  shield  fern 


Cystopteris  bulbifera  (L.)  Bernh., 
("ystopteris  frugilis  (L.)  Bernh.. 
Woods, a  ilsi'iisis  (L.)  R.  Br.. 
Woodsiu  ohtiisa  (Spreng.)  Torr.. 
Oiioc-lt'a  sriisiliilis  L., 
Onoclpu  strnthiopteris  (L.)  Hott'm.. 
Osninnda  regalis  L., 
Osmunda  claytoniana  Tj.,     - 
Osmunda  cinnamomea  L., 
Botrychium  ternatum  (Thunb.)  Sw 


Botrvchiniii  vii-giniaiium  iL.)  Sw.. 


intermedium  (Muhl.)D.  C.  Eaton, 

Spinulose  wood  (or  shield)  fern 

Bulblet  bladder  fern 

Fragile  bladder  fern 

Rusty  woodsia 

Blunt-lobed  woodia 

Sen.sitive  fern 

Ostrich  fern 

-  Flowering  fern.      Royal  fern 

Interrupted  fern.     Clayton's  fern 

-     Cinnamon  fern 

Ternate  grape  fei'n 


Rattlesnake  fern.  Virginia 
grape  ferii 


0 


